An affixed form *manuk-en can be posited for Proto-Philippines, but it is unclear what this word meant. Reflexes in Ilokano, Tagalog and Tausug evidently derive from the sponsorship and betting that typically take place in cockfighting, but the antiquity of cockfighting in the Austronesian world remains uncertain (Blust 2002:96-98). Reflexes in Casiguran Dumagat and Ibaloy suggest what is perhaps an older meaning, namely the taking of omens from the flight of birds or examination of the entrails of chickens. The meaning ‘crosseyed’, which is shared by Bikol and Maranao is distinct from either of these, but is not sufficiently widely attested to attribute to Proto-Philippines.