Borrowing, ultimately from language__Javanese, but with likely mediation through language__Malay in the case of language__Tagalog (pa)ŋadyiʔ. Dempwolff (1934-38) also included language__Sa'a jäsi-kana'a cycle of songs dealing with the herœs of Old Malau, containing reputedly good teachinǵ, and language__Fijian kaci 'call, invite', but these are far more convincingly treated as chance similarities.
| WMP | ||
| Tagalog | ŋadyiʔ | prayer |
| paŋadyiʔ | prayer | |
| Toba Batak | maŋ-aji | to read |
| aji | poison, magical charm | |
| Malay | aji | a secret magical formula (Java) |
| Ngaju Dayak | kaji | learning, study |
| Old Javanese | aji | holy writ, "the scriptures", sacred text (containing e.g. rules of conduct for a brahman; instructions on administration, politics, the practice of arms, the writing of poetry, etc.); sacred or magically powerful formula |
| Javanese | aji | incantation, magic spell |
| Balinese | aji | mantra, religious formula (allegedly in Sanskrit) |