Parameter causative prefix with a range of meanings: 1. cause an action to occur or a state to result ( ‘learn’ : ‘teach’, ‘sleep’ : ‘put to sleep’), 2. to act a role ( ‘mother’ : ‘parent’s sister’, ‘European’ ‘act like a European’), cause to be like ( ‘turtle’ : ‘heap up food in the shape of a turtle’), 4. before statives to form transitive verbs ( ‘pierce’ : ‘pierced’, ‘pierce a nut for drinking’) [19c19b734c82a330e69a914b1701053a]