ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Online

*-en verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice; nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action

PAN -en verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice; nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action ⇫ ¶

Form.
Atayal	-un	2nd passive indicative
Pazeh	-ən	passive suffix; e.g. be baked, be eaten, be vomited, The fish was already eaten by me; The dog was already buried by some person
Bunun	-un	goal focus
	kaun-un	eaten; food
Paiwan	kan-en	food
WMP
Itbayaten	-en	direct passive suffix; also used in imperatives; e.g. Eat all of the food
Ivatan	-en	suffix of direct passive; also used in imperatives; e.g. The man is boiling the water; Please untie the string
Pangasinan	-en	passive, e.g. will be read ... is also often used in sentences with imperative force, e.g. (will-be-called by-you + subject marker Pedro = ) (You) call Pedro
Sambal	-en	marker of a subject derived from an initial direct object; also used in imperatives; e.g. The carabao will be killed with a knife by the man; throw away the trash
Sambal (Botolan)	-en	marker of a subject derived from an initial direct object; also used in imperatives; e.g. The carabao will be killed with a knife by the man; throw away the trash
Tagalog	-in	direct passive; also used in imperatives; e.g. Will you buy that for me?; Grate the coconut
	kán-in	rice (boiled or steamed)
Hanunóo	biláŋ-un nimú	count them (lit. 'be-counted by-you')
	-un	marker of direct passive, and polite imperative
Aklanon	-on	common object focus verb suffix for future time; common adjective suffix showing the quality of a person or thing
Cebuano	-un	direct passive verb affix, future; suffix added to adjectives and nouns to form adjectives which mean 'of
Maranao	-en	object focus; e.g. Batua will cut it
Kadazan Dusun	-on	passive marker; e.g. be held in the fist
Murut (Timugon)	-on	object focus; also used in imperatives; e.g. The children will make friends with Kasuab; (You) take the coconut shell
Kelabit	-en	non-past passive suffix; also used in imperatives
Melanau (Mukah)	uaʔ kane-en	special food, one's favorite food
Karo Batak	-en	verbal and nominalizing suffix; e.g. suffer from eruptions in the mouth; what is drunk, drink, beverage
Kayan	kan-en	cooked rice
Old Javanese	-en	non-past passive suffix used primarily with bodily afflictions; e.g. to suffer from a tumor
Javanese	-en	passive imperative suffix; suffix for a (generally negative) bodily process or condition; e.g. Look (at it!); His finger bled, His eyes bulged out; wood weevil, crumbling (from having been eaten by weevils)
Bikol	-on	command form used when the pronoun is stated; e.g. Look at the bird (cp. the alternative Look at the bird); passive suffix which sometimes describes afflictions or blights: scabies, describing someone suffering from scabies; to contract or suffer from scabies; weevil, infested with weevils

Reconstructions

PAN

-en

verbal suffix marking patient…

Note

*-en is one of the most important affixes that can be reconstructed for PAn, PMP and PWMP. Like other affixes in the ‘focus system’ it evidently marked voice in verbal constructions, and at the same time served to create deverbal nominals. Both functions are widely attested, the latter often fossilized in reflexes of *kaen-en ‘be eaten/what is eaten = cooked rice’. The use of *-en to mark passive imperatives has not been noted in Formosan languages to date, but is widespread in the Philippines and western Indonesia. In some languages, as Bikol, there is a synchronic contrast between imperative marking with a reflex of *-en, and an alternative marking with a reflex of *-a. The former alternative occurs when a short (agent/possessor) pronoun immediately follows the suffixed verb, while the latter occurs without the pronoun. In other languages (as Kelabit) imperatives which use a reflex of *-en are felt to be ‘softer’ or more polite than imperatives which do not make use of passive verb morphology (in this connection cp. also Malay passive imperatives/dehortatives in di-, as with Jaŋan di-gaŋgu guru-mu! ‘Don't disturb your teacher!’).

Since at least two forms of imperative marking can be reconstructed for PWMP, it would be worth trying to determine whether a similar contrast existed in PAn. Possibly related (because it is irrealis) is the use of a reflex of *-en to mark future or intended action in Atayal and several Philippine languages, including Hiligaynon Bisayan and Aklanon.

In addition to the above uses, several languages in the Philippines and western Indonesia use a reflex of *-en to mark various types of usually visible bodily afflictions (skin diseases and the like), as well as comparable conditions of decay or deterioration in non-human subjects (e.g. *bubuk-en ‘crumbling, of something infested with weevils’). Finally, reflexes of *-en are used in some kin terms to mark collaterality, as with *anak ‘child, offspring’, but *anak-en ‘niece, nephew’, *ama ‘father’ but *ama-en ‘uncle’, *ina ‘mother’, but *ina-en ‘aunt’, etc.