ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Online

*qamiS north wind

PAN qamiS north wind ⇫ ¶

Form.
Amis	ʔamis	north
Puyuma	Hami	north; year, age
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)	H-em-ami	north wind blows
	Hami	north; year, age
Puyuma	H-em-ami	north wind blows
Paiwan (Northeastern)	qamis	north
Paiwan	qamis	north

PAN qamiS-an north; winter ⇫ ¶

Form.
Saisiyat	kapn-æʔmiSan-an	north
	ʔæmiSæn	winter
Atayal	qmisan	winter
Seediq	mis-an	winter
Pazeh	ʔamisan	north; winter
Bunun	hamis-an	year
	qamis-an	age
Kanakanabu	ʔamís-anə	winter
Saaroa	ʔamis-an-a	winter

PMP qamihan north wind ⇫ ¶

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	amiyan	northeast wind, northeast monsoon; rainy season
Ilokano	amián	north wind
Kapampangan	amian	winter, the cold season from October to January
Tagalog	amihan	north wind, northeast wind; breeze from the mountains going to the lowlands
Hanunóo	ʔamíhan	northeast; northeast wind, which is usually very gentle
Kalamian Tagbanwa	kamian	northeast prevailing wind
Aklanon	amíhan	northeast wind
Cebuano	amíhan	wind from the north
	paŋ-amíhan	blow from the north
Maranao	amian	north wind
Mansaka	amiyan	rainy season; north wind
Sangir	miaŋ	wind between north and north-northwest which brings much rain
Tontemboan	ma-amian	northwest monsoon
	amian	north,. north wind
	m-amian	travel northwards, head in a northerly direction
Bikol	amíhan	northeast wind, trade wind
Proto-Minahasan	amian	north,. north wind

PPh qamihan-an north; rainy season ⇫ ¶

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	k-amiyan-an	northeast
Ilokano	amián-an	north
Aklanon	amihán-an	north(erly)
Hiligaynon	amính-an	north
Cebuano	amihán-an	north, northern
Maranao	amian-an	north
Bikol	amihán-an	direction of the northeast wind

Reconstructions

PAN	qamiS	north wind
PAN	qamiS-an	north; winter
PMP	qamihan	north wind
PPh	qamihan-an	north; rainy season

Note

Reflexes of PAn *qamiS are confined to languages which lie north of the Equator. Since no system of terms for the cardinal directions can be reconstructed for any early Austronesian proto-language, and since terms for the west and east monsoons were important from at least PMP times, it appears most likely that PAn *qamiS meant ‘north wind’. Under this hypothesis PAn *qamiS-an (lit. ‘place of the north wind’) would have meant ‘north’ or ‘winter’. In PMP the morpheme boundary separating *qamiS from the locative suffix was lost, yielding a new trisyllabic base *qamihan, which took over the original meaning of *qamiS ‘north wind’. History then repeated itself, and the locative suffix *-an was added to the new and longer PMP base to yield *qamihan-an (lit. ‘place of the north wind’) now meaning ‘north; rainy season’, since speakers of PMP had at this point advanced too far south for the recognition of temperate seasonality to any longer have a meaning.