ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Online

*Seyaq shyness, embarrassment; shame

PAN Seyaq shyness, embarrassment; shame ⇫ ¶

Form.
Paiwan	siaq	shyness, embarrassment

PMP heyaq shyness, embarrassment; shame ⇫ ¶

WMP
Tagalog	hiyáʔ	shame
	híyaʔ	shame
Hanunóo	ʔúyaʔ	shame, modesty
Kalamian Tagbanwa	ɨyak	ashamed
Aklanon	huyáʔ	face, pride; shame; be disgraced, be shamed
Hiligaynon	huyáʔ	shame, disgrace
Palawan Batak	ʔɨyaʔ	ashamed
Samal	iaʔ	feeling of shame
Mongondow	oyaʔ	shyness, shame
Bare'e	ea	shame, shyness
Uma	eaʔ	shame

PWMP ka-heyaq shame, shyness ⇫ ¶

WMP
Hanunóo	ka-uyáʔ-an	virtue, honor
Maranao	kayaʔ	shame, shyness
Mongondow	ko-oyaʔ	shyness
Bare'e	ka-ea	shame, shyness
Uma	ka-eaʔ	shame

PAN ma-Seyaq shy, embarrassed; ashamed ⇫ ¶

Form.
Paiwan	ma-siaq	shy, polite, embarrassed

PMP ma-heyaq shy, embarrassed; ashamed ⇫ ¶

WMP
Tboli	m-yak	ashamed
	meyak	shy, ashamed
Maguindanao	mayá	shy, ashamed
Bintulu	məzaʔ	shy, ashamed
Sangir	mea	shame
	ma-mea	ashamed, shy
Melanau (Mukah)	miaʔ	shy, ashamed
Kanowit	miaʔ	ashamed
Mongondow	mo-oyaʔ	shy, ashamed
Banggai	maa	shame
	ma-maa	shy, ashamed
Bare'e	ma-ea	ashamed, shy
Uma	me-ʔeaʔ	ashamed
Wolio	maea	shy, bashful, embarrassed, ashamed, modest
OC
Labu	maya	shame
Hula	ma	ashamed

PCEMP ma-mayaq shy, embarrassed; ashamed ⇫ ¶

CMP
Masiwang	maya-n	shy, ashamed
Elat	mo-mai	shy, ashamed
Selaru	mai	ashamed
Lamaholot	miaʔ	shy, ashamed
Manggarai	maja	shy, ashamed
Bimanese	maja	shy, ashamed
Sika	mea-ŋ	shy, ashamed
Li'o	mea	ashamed
Ngadha	mea	shame, bashfulness, shyness
Rotinese	mae	ashamed, to feel shamed; bashful
SHWNG
Buli	mai	ashamed; shame, disgrace
Numfor	ma	shy, ashamed
	ma-ma	shame
Kowiai/Koiwai	ma-mala	shy, ashamed
OC
Woleaian	maa	ashamed; disgraceful; feel shameful
	ma	ashamed; disgraceful; feel shameful
Gilbertese	maa-ma	shame, timidity, shyness, bashfulness
	ma-maa-ma	be ashamed, shy, confused
Manam	maya-maya	ashamed
	maya	ashamed
	maia	ashamed
Duke of York	mai-mai	shame, ashamed
Gedaged	ma-mai	shame; embarrassment, confoundedness, abashment
Numbami	me-meya	shy, ashamed
Nggela	maa	ashamed; feel reverence
Molima	wo-maya-maya	shame
Ubir	ma-mai	shy, ashamed
Sa'a	masa	shy, ashamed, respectful
	masa-masa	shy, ashamed, respectful
	masa-na	shame, confusion, shyness
Dobuan	o-maya-maya	shame, ashamed
Arosi	masa	ashamed
Samoan	mā	ashamed, embarrassed
Tongan	mā	feel shame, be ashamed
Maori	mā	shame, abasement; shy, ashamed

Reconstructions

PAN	Seyaq	shyness, embarrassment; shame
PMP	heyaq	shyness, embarrassment; shame
PWMP	ka-heyaq	shame, shyness
PAN	ma-Seyaq	shy, embarrassed; ashamed
PMP	ma-heyaq	shy, embarrassed; ashamed
PCEMP	ma-mayaq	shy, embarrassed; ashamed

Note

Also Seediq siqa ‘shame, modesty, reserve’, m-siqa ‘ashamed, modest, reserved’, k-siqa ‘imperative and negative of m-siqa’, Hanunóo húya, ‘shame, modesty’, huya-húya ‘sensitive plant’, Mongondow oraʔ ‘shyness, shame’.

This comparison is a noteworthy example of how fossilized morphology together with regular sound change can thoroughly disguise the connection of related forms, even when recurrent phonological correspondences have been established. Thus, without knowledge of the morphology, Tagalog hiyáʔ could correspond only to **ia in most Oceanic languages. The development of CMP, South Halmahera-West New Guinea, and OC forms has been: *ma-Seyaq > ma-siaq > ma-hiaq > maiaq > mayaq, and thus exactly parallels the development of PAn *ma-Suab POc *mawap ‘to yawn’. Following the reanalysis of PAn *ma-Seyaq as PCEMP *mayaq, many CEMP languages reinterpreted this historically stative/attributive form as nominal (‘shame, shyness’) and added a historically secondary stative/attributive prefix *ma-, yielding PCEMP *mayaq ‘shyness, shame’, *ma-mayaq ‘shy, ashamed’. The parallel developments in Sangir ma-mea and Banggai ma-maa are assumed to be products of convergence, since a reflex of *Seyaq is retained as a separate morpheme in other WMP languages.