| WMP |
| Ifugaw |
-um- |
verbal infix used with intransitive bases, and to mark inchoatives or futures |
| Ilokano |
-um- |
active 'casual' verbal infix |
| Sambal |
-om- |
infix used with intransitive and semitransitive verbs, and to mark inchoatives |
| Sambal (Botolan) |
-om- |
infix used with intransitive and semitransitive verbs, and to mark inchoatives |
| Tagalog |
-um- |
verbal infix "used to express simple, single or general acts. (a) simple or single performance: , to read; , to write. (b) general acts, like the functions of nature and the natural acts of the human body: , to rain; , to storm; , (the sun) to shine; or , to look; , to become painful; , to run; , to walk, to go.". "verbs like , formed with bases that designate natural conditions (cf. 'storm'), occur in topicless sentences ... Many of the bases that occur in intransitive verbs also occur as the bases of adjectives and the verbs, which may be called VERBS OF 'BECOMING,' denote the acquisition of the quality expressed by the adjective.". |
| Chamorro |
-um- |
"Almost any noun can be converted to a verb-like word -- a word that can function as a predicate -- by adding the verbalizing infix ." Contrasts with , used with plural subjects.. |
| Hanunóo |
-um- |
active verb infix, generally intransitive, and often with a future meaning (e.g. 'to swim; will swim', 'to kick; will kick') |
| Aklanon |
-um- |
verbal infix used on command or conditioned forms |
| Hiligaynon |
-um- |
verbal affix designating completed action |
| Blaan |
-om- |
subject focus, future tense |
| Bilaan (Sarangani) |
-om- |
subject focus, future tense |
| Kadazan Dusun |
-um- |
verbal infix used with intransitive bases and to form inchoatives |
| Murut (Timugon) |
-um- |
intransitive, subject focus, future temporal |
| Kelabit |
-em- |
active verb infix used with intransitive bases (e.g. S O = 'S lowers O', S O = 'S descends O') |
| Toba Batak |
-um- |
verbal infix which "when it occurs intransitively, is both active and passive in meaning. When it is active it represents, often in contrast to the verb ... (with ), an action that does not result from the will of the thing carrying it out." The passive meaning occurs in constructions relating to: 1. the performing or satisfying of a natural need (eating, drinking, sleeping, urinating), 2. a movement that makes a marked impression on any of the sense organs, 3. a higher degree of some quality ( 'be richer', 'be larger', etc.). Transitive verbs with the infix "are simply variants of those with the prefix , and they are used more in the elaborate language, in stories, laws, and aphorisms in verse form, than in daily life.". |
| Malay |
-em- |
rare fossilized infix in a few reduplicated forms that refer to natural actions: 'scintillating', 'to thunder', etc. |
| Enggano |
bu- |
verb prefix |
| Makassarese |
-um- |
unproductive infix found in verbs that designate a certain state or movement |
| Old Javanese |
-um- |
verbal infix used primarily in intransitive bases, including those that refer to natural conditions (e.g. 'lightning', 'flashing'; 'thunder', 'thundering, roaring') |
| Malagasy |
-om- |
rare infix used with intransitive bases, and to form adjectives |
| Proto-South Sulawesi |
-um- |
verbal infix which "parallels //maN// to a considerable extent: as an "infinitive" or "participial" marker, or to mark transitive verbs with indefinite or implicit objects. In all of these the focus seems to be less on the agent than on the action itself, and in this respect it is noteworthy that /um/, unlike /maN/ can co-occur with clearly intransitive verbs (at least in the Sa'dan group) like 'sit', 'go' and 'walk'.". |