ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Online

*buRuk rotten meat; addled eggs; bad character

PAN buRuk rotten meat; addled eggs; bad character ⇫ ¶

Form.
Saisiyat	boLok	decay
Paiwan	vuk	rotten meat
WMP
Itbayaten	voyok	idea of stinking, being rotten/spoiled
Bontok	bulúk	rotten (meat with a bad smell)
Pangasinan	bolók	rotten, gone to waste (of fish, meat, produce)
Tagalog	bugók	rotten (said of eggs)
Rhade	bruʔ	rotten, spoiled
Cham	brǔk	rotten
Cebuano	bugúk	for an egg to be rotten
Binukid	buguk-en	underdeveloped, unfertile, failed to hatch (of egg); dull, slow in comprehension (of person)
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	buɣuk	an egg in the nest which is not fertile and is abandoned by the hen when the others hatch
Kelabit	buruk	rotten
Sangir	ka-wuhuʔ	degree of stench
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	buruk	old, worn-out (in contrast with what is new), crumbling, decaying (as a log)
Toba Batak	taon na buruk	the old year in contrast with the new
	buruk	old, worn out
	buruk buruk ni abit	tatters of clothing
	roha buruk	lazy, good-for-nothing character
Karo Batak	buruk	rotten, of a dilapidated house, etc.; tattered, of clothing
Iban	burok	rotten (as a tree stump), septic (as a wound); lazy, good-for-nothing
Malay	besi burok	scrap-iron
	mem-burok-kan oraŋ	take away a person's character
	main burok	liaison, intrigue
	nama burok	ill-repute
	kayu burok	rotten (wood)
	burok	rottenness in wood or metal; old; worn out; decayed; worthless; (fig.) of bad character
	kain burok	rags, worn-out garments
Tontemboan	wuruk	rotten, decayed; dirty; debauched, dissolute; ugly, nasty
Gorontalo	huluʔo	addled (of an egg which has failed to hatch)
Tae'	buruk	decayed, rotten, dilapidated
Buginese	buruʔ	rot, decay (as a corpse in a grave)
Sundanese	lamak buruk	rag, rubbish, worthless thing
	ŋa-buruk-an	to wear out, consume, use up
	buruk	rotten (of fruits, wounds, etc.); worn-out, old, no longer of use (clothes); obsolete, out of date
Old Javanese	wūk-an	rotten egg
	wūk	liquid oozing from corpses or any putrescent matter
	wūk turu	addicted to sleeping, sleepy-head
	wūk nanah	pus
Javanese	wuk-wuk-an	rotten (as an egg)
Balinese	buhuk-aŋ	be worn continuously
	buhuk-an	worn-out clothes
	buhuk	worn out, drab, bald, in a tumbledown state
Bikol	bugók	rotten, referring only to eggs
Malagasy	vozo	lazyiness
Proto-Sangiric	buRuk	to stink; stinking
CMP
Rembong	buruk	rotten, bad, ugly
Manggarai	buruk	dilapidated, rotten (egg)
Sika	buruk	dirty, foul; addled, of eggs

PAN b<in>uRuk to have become rotten ⇫ ¶

Form.
Paiwan	v-n-uk	let something rot
WMP
Cebuano	b-in-ugúk	for an egg to be rotten; rotten in character; for eggs to fail to hatch, addle
Binukid	b-in-uguk	having failed to hatch, of eggs which addled

PMP ma-buRuk rotten, as meat; addled, as eggs; bad, of character ⇫ ¶

Form.
Saisiyat	ma-boLok	rotten (of food)
Paiwan	ma-vuk	rotten (of meat); leprous; dead (conscience)
WMP
Itbayaten	ma-voyok	spoiled, rotten, decayed; stinky, bad-smelling, having a foul odor; to stink
Sangir	ma-wuhuʔ	become smelly
Old Javanese	a-wūk	decayed, decomposed, rotten, mouldered away
Bikol	ma-bugók	to rot (eggs)
Malagasy	ma-vozo	lazy; ill, without energy
OC
Manam	ma-puru	to rot, to putrefy
Ghari	mambulu	rotten

Reconstructions

PAN	buRuk	rotten meat; addled eggs; bad…
PAN	b<in>uRuk	to have become rotten
PMP	ma-buRuk	rotten, as meat; addled, as…

Note

Also Ifugaw bulók ‘idea of being rotten, becoming rotten; applied to pieces of wood, thatched roofs, clothing worn out, etc.’, Kapampangan bugúk ‘rotten’; ma-buguk-buguk ‘going crazy’; bulúk ‘rotten, fetid’; pa-bulúk ‘allow to become fetid’, Tagalog bulók ‘rotten, putrid’, Bikol bulók ‘rotten, decayed’, Aklanon bulók ‘no good, worthless, of very poor quality’, Cebuano bulúk ‘rotten; to rot, decompose’, Ngaju Dayak kam-borok-an, tam-borok-an ‘rotten’, Sa'a mate-hulu ‘the final stage of ripeness of a coconut’.

A number of Philippine forms that appear to reflect *buluk are assumed to result from a two-step borrowing process: 1. Malay buruk was borrowed into Tagalog, presumably as a result of sustained Malay trading activities in the region of Manila Bay prior to the inception of the Manila Galleon in the sixteenth century (Wolff 1976, Blust 1991), 2. this form was naturalized as Tagalog bulók and then passed on to other languages, both to the north and to the south, probably within the past half millennium. Remarkably, Kapampangan shows a double layer of borrowing of the same semantic category from Tagalog: first bugúk, a native Tagalog form, then bulúk, a Malay loan almost certainly acquired through Tagalog.

It is possible, but rather uncertain on semantic grounds, that Kapampangan byuk ‘scar’ is the only directly inherited reflex of *buRuk. Although this term meant ‘rotten’, the range of substances to which it applied remains somewhat unclear. Paiwan vuk agrees with a few Philippine witnesses in indicating a meaning ‘rotten, of meat’. However, in Malay and some other languages a reflex of *buRuk applies to the rotting of wood, metals and other substances in contrast to the rotting of flesh (busok). Moreover, reflexes of *buRuk in a number of WMP and CMP languages point specifically to the addling of eggs. Finally, as in many other language families, the physical property of putrefaction was applied metaphorically to human character.