ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Online

*buŋa flower, blossom

PAN buŋa flower, blossom ⇫ ¶

Form.
Kanakanabu	buŋa-buŋa	flower

PMP buŋa flower, blossom; to flower, bear flowers; yield a benefit (as interest on a loan); first-born child; cotton; vulva (refined or evasive), skin rash, prickly heat; speckled (of fish); kidneys ⇫ ¶

WMP
Isneg	búŋa	fruit
	buŋā-n	forest of tall trees
Itawis	húŋa	fruit
Ifugaw	búŋa	fruit of trees, shrubs, plants (banana pods, rice ears, berries, beans, pears, nuts, etc.)
	ma-múŋa-y	bear fruit; may also convey the idea of producing interest on money
	b-um-úŋa-y page	the rice bears (or will bear) ears (grains)
	būŋa	the pulpy fruit of a plant, tree, vine, with or without seeds or pits; for a plant or tree to bear fruit, seed vessel, grain
Kankanaey	na-buŋá-an	pregnant, with child (used only in tales)
	búŋa	young pine tree, sapling; man. In the last meaning used only in tales
Ifugaw (Batad)	būŋa	the pulpy fruit of a plant, tree, vine, with or without seeds or pits; for a plant or tree to bear fruit, seed vessel, grain
Casiguran Dumagat	buŋá	fruit, vegetable, seed (that which a plant or tree bears); bear fruit
Pangasinan	boŋá	fruit; bear fruit
Ilokano	búŋa	fruit: berry, capsule, drupe, follicle, glans, legume, pod, loment, nut, peop, pome, schizocarp, silicle, silique, sorosis, strobile, synconium, etc; outgrowth, issue, consequence, advantage, benefit
	búŋa-búŋa	the fruit of the yam
	búŋa ti tián	child (lit. 'fruit of the womb')
	búŋa ti matá	sore or ulcer on the eyelid
Kapampangan	ma-búŋa	bearing fruit abundantly
	búŋa	fruit
	ma-múŋa	bear fruit
	paː-buŋa-n	share-crop
Tagalog	búŋa	fruit; result, effect, consequence; areca palm and nut
Hanunóo	búŋa	areca nut palm (Areca catechu Linn.) and its fruit, the betel nut
Aklanon	buŋah-án	list of answers for an exam, 'cheat sheet'
	tag-b-ue-uŋá	fruit-bearing season
	ma-buŋah-ón	fruitful
	búŋa	fruit; betel nut (palm, nut): Areca catechu var. Alba
	pa-búŋa	to bear fruit
	búŋa	bear fruit
	búŋa-buŋá	small mouse
Hiligaynon	búŋa	fruit, consequence, result
Palawan Batak	buŋá taróŋ	turtle eggs
	buŋá	fruit, berry
	búŋa	betel nut
Cebuano	ma-buŋáh-un	fruitful
	búŋa di Tsína	ornamental palm which is similar in appearance to the : Adonidia merrillii
	búŋa	fruit; result, outgrowth; bear fruit; produce results; betel nut palm: Areca catechu. Name also given to other palms of similar appearance
Binukid	buŋa	fruit
	buŋa hu atiŋ	prickly heat
Maranao	boŋa	fruit
	boŋa ranon	fruit of love, result of sympathy; proper name
	oŋa atiŋ	rash
	oŋa	fruit
Palauan	buŋ	flower; green coconut sheath protecting developing coconuts (later becomes ); type of trepang (shaped like a flower)
	omúŋ	bloom, blossom, flower
Kalagan	buŋa	fruit
Mansaka	boŋa	kidney; fruit, grain (as fruit of rice plants)
Tiruray	buŋa	(taboo) the vulva, external parts of the female genitalia
Blaan (Koronadal)	bɨŋɨ	fruit
Blaan	bɨŋɨ	fruit
	buŋɨ	fruit
Bilaan (Sarangani)	buŋɨ	fruit
Berawan (Long Terawan)	buŋeh	areca nut
Bintulu	buŋa	flower
Kelabit	buŋa-ʔan	bladder
Sangir	buŋa	mushroom; fungus
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	buŋa	flower; interest on a loan
Simalur	buŋo	flower, blossom, bud
Toba Batak	buŋa-on	suffer from bacillary dysentery, have bloody stools
	buŋa buŋa ni hagabeon	firstborn
	buŋa-buŋa-on	suffer from an affliction in which the skin turns red
	buŋa buŋa ni hata	phrasing, putting in words
	buŋa	flower; interest on a loan
	par-buŋa-an	navel
	buŋa-n tubu	one's true child
Karo Batak	muŋa	pay interest
	buŋa-buŋa	the red flower: Hibiscus rosa sinensis L.
	buŋa	name of a smaller cotton shrub than the ; cotton, cotton-wool; blossom, flower; interest on a loan
	er-buŋa	bear flowers; yield interest; welding of iron
Malay	buŋa pasir	fine sand particles on surface of still water
	buŋa	flower; flower-pattern; 'tails' (in heads or tails); tax
	buŋa-buŋa-an	flowers generally, flowers of all sorts
	buŋa tahi	'froth of filth': angry words
Tontemboan	wuŋa	flower, blossom
	wuŋa-na in capaya	papaya blossom
Nias	buŋa	flower, blossom
Gorontalo	huŋo	mushroom, fungus; fruit
Banggai	ba-buŋa	to bloom
	buŋa	flower, blossom
Bare'e	wuŋa	a labiata, Ocimum sanctum, which serves as a magical plant on all kinds of occasions because it has a tenacious capacity to survive; because of its fragrance of balsamine is often used as headpiece
Uma	wuŋa	flower, blossom
Tae'	buŋa	flower, blossom
	buŋa raŋkaʔ	the fruits of one's efforts
	buŋa balanda	plant with fragrant yellow blossoms and buds eaten as a vegetable
Rejang	buŋey	flower, flowers, embellishment
Mandar	buŋa	flower, blossom
	buŋa buŋa	flower, blossom; all kinds of flowers
Buginese	buŋa	flower, blossom
Wolio	buŋa	flower
Makassarese	buŋa-buŋa	little flower, figurative for a young girl that one has at home
	buŋa-ŋ-ku	my flower (but in names: )
	buŋa-buŋa bicara	flowery talk, highly embellished speech with many digressions
	buŋa	flower, blossom; flower motif; bow, knot (as in a waistband); refined expression for the vulva; maidenhood (poetic)
	aʔbuŋa	blossoming, flowering; strew flowers on a grave; the first signs of an illness
Old Javanese	wuŋa-n tahun	(annual) tribute
	wuŋa	flower
	wuŋa-n bawah	that which is on everybody's lips, general topic, constantly recurring theme
	wuŋa-wuŋa	nipple
Balinese	buŋa-n asep	flowers of smoke = incense
	buŋa	flower; interest, rent
	buŋah-aŋ	be adorned with flowers, have a flower behind one's ear
	buŋa-buŋah-an	many kinds of flowers
Sasak	buŋa	cotton; cotton shrub (Gossypium species)
Bikol	búŋa	fruit; areca palm and nut; betel nut: Areca catechu
Malagasy	voni-fotsi	a variety of beads; a shrub
	vony	flower, generally its flowers, its petals; yellow
CMP
Buruese	buŋa	flower
	buŋa-h	adorn, decorate with flowers
Asilulu	buŋa	flower, especially decorative flowers of European origin; spot, dot, esp. in fish nomenclature
Fordata	vuna	flower spadix of the coconut and some other palms
Erai	huna	flower
Selaru	huna	flower, blossom
Rembong	wuŋa wéwoʔ	eldest or firstborn child
	wuŋa	flower, blossom (which results in a fruit), as that of the mango, citrus fruits, or Malay apple; to flower, blossom (of a mango tree), bear grains (of a rice stalk)
Manggarai	buŋa	often used of flowers introduced from without, as flowers in a flower-garden
Bimanese	ɓuŋa	flower, blossom; blossom of the areca palm; interest on a loan
Galoli	ai huna-n	flower
Komodo	buŋa	cultivated flower; interest, profit
Sika	buŋa	flower
	buŋa mawar	erisipelas
Kambera	buŋa	design, decoration on a skirt or betel bag; kind of courtyard tree: Plumeria acuminata
	na-buna	to bloom, blossom
	doi buna-k	interest on a loan
SHWNG
Irarutu	fu	flower

POC puŋa₁ flower, blossom ⇫ ¶

OC
Nukuoro	huŋa-huŋa a nui	the flower of the coconut tree
Gitua	buŋa-buŋa	stage of coconut (about 3 inches in diameter)
Samoan	fuŋa	flower, blossom; be in bloom (of a flowering tree, etc.)
Lonwolwol	wuŋ-i	flower of
	wuŋ-i-bal	hibiscus flower
Paamese	huŋe-	flower; tiny immature fruit on plants with no flowers
Sesake	na vuŋa	flower

PWMP buŋa-i strew with flowers, put flowers on ⇫ ¶

WMP
Iban	be-buŋai	be in flower, to flower
	buŋai	flower, blossom, garden flower
Mongondow	buŋa-i iŋ kapot	cotton blossom
	buŋa-i	fruit, plume, seed
	po-muŋa-i-an	fruiting season
Makassarese	buŋa-i	strew with flowers

PWMP ma-buŋa bearing fruit ⇫ ¶

WMP
Pangasinan	ma-boŋá	bearing fruit, laden
Mansaka	ma-boŋa	bear fruit (coconut trees, tomato vines, etc.)
Nias	mo-buŋa	to bloom, to blossom

PWMP maŋ-buŋa to flower, produce fruit ⇫ ¶

WMP
Bontok	mam-úŋa	to flower; to give birth
Mongondow	mo-muŋa-i	bear fruit, bring forth fruit
Gorontalo	mo-muŋo	bear fruit
Balinese	muŋa	to flower
Malagasy	ma-mòny	be in flower, to blossom
Bikol	ma-múŋa	produce or bear many fruits

PWMP maR-buŋa bear fruit ⇫ ¶

WMP
Isneg	mag-búŋa	bear fruit
Hiligaynon	mag-búŋa	bear fruit, result in
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	mer-buŋa	to bloom, blossom, flower
Toba Batak	mar-buŋa	to bloom, blossom; bear interest
Buginese	mab-buŋa	to blossom, bear flowers
Bikol	mag-búŋa	bear fruit

PPh paŋ-búŋa produce fruit; produce results ⇫ ¶

WMP
Ifugaw	pa-múŋa	a unit measure of a bunch of fruit; relatively low interest on something borrowed, as on money, a pig, carabao
Ifugaw (Batad)	pa-múŋa	a unit measure of a bunch of fruit; relatively low interest on something borrowed, as on money, a pig, carabao
Binukid	pa-muŋa	bear fruit; for there to be fruit (on a plant); fig. to produce results, to come to fruition, realization

PMP buŋa na batu coral sponge ⇫ ¶

WMP
Tagalog	buŋa-ŋ bató	black coral
Bintulu	buŋa batəw	coral
Sangir	buŋa-n sagheʔ	sponge
Simalur	buŋo karaŋ	name of a weaving motif
Malay	buŋa karaŋ	coraline sponge
Wolio	buŋa-na batu	kind of black-speckled fish
Makassarese	buŋa batu	kind of sea plant: sponge
Balinese	buŋa-n kahaŋ	sea-weed
CMP
Sika	buŋa karaŋ	decorations of coconut leaves made to resemble coral

POC buŋa₃ kind of porous, white, round and flat coral growth ⇫ ¶

OC
Hawaiian	puna	coral, lime, plaster, mortar, calcium; coral container, as for dye
Gedaged	buŋ	a round coral growth
Lakalai	la buga	plate-shaped coral
Tuvaluan	puŋa	type of coral harvested for lime-making; whetstone
Anuta	puŋa tea	type of white coral which is used for finishing woodwork
	puŋa	coral stone abrader
Rennellese	puŋa	general name for flat or round sharp coral
Rotuman	puŋa	smooth roundish pieces of coral or limestone
Samoan	puŋa	kind of coral used for polishing, etc.
Fijian	vuŋa	a porous coral rock in the sea:
Niue	puŋa	type of coral rock, very light in weight, which is burned to a powder and used to plaster walls; plaster; sinker for a deep-sea fishing line
Tongan	puŋa	kind of rather soft rock or stone, apparently a compact kind of coral

Also Roviana vua patu ‘a delicate branching coral’.

PMP buŋa ni hapuy sparks from a fire ⇫ ¶

WMP
Acehnese	buŋa apuy	fireworks
Malay	buŋa api	fireworks
Malagasy	voni-afo	large shed for keeping fuel, etc.
CMP
Tetun	ahi funan	spark

PMP buŋa na kahiw blossom of a fruit tree ⇫ ¶

WMP
Tagalog	búŋa-ŋ káhoy	fruit tree
Cebuano	búŋa-ŋ káhuy	fruit tree
Malagasy	voni-n hazo	a flower
CMP
Erai	ai huna	flower, blossom of a fruit tree
Sika	ai buŋa	large tree with very good wood
Rotinese	ai buna-k	flower, blossom

Reconstructions

PAN	buŋa	flower, blossom
PMP	buŋa	flower, blossom; to flower,…
POC	puŋa₁	flower, blossom
PWMP	buŋa-i	strew with flowers, put…
PWMP	ma-buŋa	bearing fruit
PWMP	maŋ-buŋa	to flower, produce fruit
PWMP	maR-buŋa	bear fruit
PPh	paŋ-búŋa	produce fruit; produce results
PMP	buŋa na batu	coral sponge
POC	buŋa₃	kind of porous, white, round…
PMP	buŋa ni hapuy	sparks from a fire
PMP	buŋa na kahiw	blossom of a fruit tree

Note

Also Maranao oŋa ‘fruit’, Tboli buŋu ‘fruit’, muŋu ‘bear fruit’, Kelabit buŋaʔ ‘cultivated flower (Malay loan)’, Ngaju Dayak buŋah ‘interest on a loan’, ba-buŋah ‘bear interest’, mam-buŋah ‘allow to bear interest’, Iban buŋa ‘flower (Malay loan)’, Sundanese buŋah ‘interest on a loan’, Old Javanese woŋa ‘flower’, Bare'e buŋa ‘constituent in some plant names’, Rembong buŋa ‘cultivated flowers; interest on a loan’, Rotinese buŋa ‘flower in the sense of a decorative flower’, osi buŋa ‘flower garden’, Buli buŋa ‘kind of tree which yields a substance used to paint the nails red, of young girls’. The basic meaning of PMP *buŋa was ‘flower, blossom’. Although this term apparently applied to some flowers which do not precede the formation of fruits (e.g. PMP *buŋa na baRu ‘hibiscus’), in the great majority of cases it referred to the blossom of a fructifying tree or bush.

Following western contact the idea of cultivating flowers for their beauty became established, and in many of the languages of western Indonesia Malay buŋa was borrowed as a term for flowers artificially grown in gardens, as opposed to the natural blossoms of fruits. In PPh the PMP terms *buaq ‘fruit; areca nut’ and *buŋa ‘flower, blossom’ underwent a co-ordinated semantic shift in which *buŋa surrendered its referent to an innovated term (PPh *budak), and took on the meaning of *buaq, while the latter came (or continued) to apply to a wide range of roundish organic products, including grains, berries, seeds, nuts, and the endosperm of a germinating coconut, but no longer functioned as the generic term for ‘fruit’.

It is noteworthy that after this semantic shift many of the same extended senses associated with the core meaning of *buaq also became associated with *buŋa, including ‘interest on a loan’ (Ifugaw, the Batak languages, Ngaju Dayak, Sundanese, Balinese, Bimanese, Komodo, Rembong, Kambera), ‘kidney’ (Mansaka), ‘mouse’ (Aklanon), and ‘words, speech’ (Malay, Toba Batak). The inclusion of Thao buna ‘sweet potato’, Puyuma buŋa ‘sweet potato: Ipomoea batatas L.’ could be used to justify a PAn etymon but this form, referring to an introduced plant, almost certainly is a loan from one of the languages of northern Luzon (most likely Ilokano).