ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Online

*qapuR lime, calcium

PAN qapuR lime, calcium ⇫ ¶

Form.
Bunun	apul	lime
Kanakanabu	ʔapúru	lime
Amis	ʔapol	white; lime paste made from burnt white stone soaked in water that becomes powder
WMP
Itbayaten	in-apúx-ān	chew, consisting of three parts: a section of betel nut, a piece of a betel leaf and a sprinkling of lime. When it is offered to the spirits, the lime may be wanting, but it is still called by the same name
	ápug	lime
Itawis	áfug	lime for betel chew
Ifugaw	ápul	lime, lime-powder to be sprinkled over a betel pepper leaf enveloping a betel nut slice
	āpul	add lime to areca palm nut; lime made from snails (successive layers of reeds and shells are stacked and thoroughly burned; the shells are then pounded in water, yielding lime)
Kankanaey	ápug	lime, limestone
	man-apiʔ	said of rice when the grains have spoiled and become white like lime
Ifugaw (Batad)	āpul	add lime to areca palm nut; lime made from snails (successive layers of reeds and shells are stacked and thoroughly burned; the shells are then pounded in water, yielding lime)
Yogad	afug	lime
Casiguran Dumagat	apóg	slaked lime (part of the betel nut mixture)
Ilokano	ápug	lime
Ayta Abellan	apoy	lime
Sambal	apoy	lime
Sambal (Botolan)	apoy	lime
Kapampangan	apiʔ	lime (calcium oxide); used in making cement, and as a component of the betel chew
Tagalog	ápog	lime
Chamorro	afok	lime, birdlime, limestone (soft), quicklime
Abaknon	apo	lime
Hanunóo	ʔápug	slaked lime, usually made by burning piles of clamlike shells; used principally in chewing betel, and for its reportedly medicinal properties
Aklanon	ápog	powdered lime (used in chewing betel nuts); to put lime (into)
Cebuano	ápug	lime made from burnt seashells; make lime
Maranao	apog	lime
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	apug	lime
Palauan	ʔáus	lime (for betelnut)
Mansaka	apog	lime (for betel nut chew)
Dumpas	apug	lime
Kadazan Dusun	t-apu	chalk, lime
Dali'	apor	lime
Abai Sembuak	afug	lime (for betel)
Kenyah	apo	lime; sago flour
Sangir	apuʔ	lime made from burnt coral limestone
Simalur	axul	lime, calcium
Tontemboan	ma-apu	turn to lime, turn to powder
	apu	lime, calcium
Tonsawang	awuh	lime
Kayan	apoh	slaked lime
Lawangan	apoi	lime
Murik	apo	lime used with betel chew
Muna	ghefi	lime
Old Javanese	apū	lime
	ma-hapū	with (having) lime
Balinese	apuh	lime, chalk (for betel)
Sasak	apur	lime, mortar, plaster
Bikol	apóg	lime (mineral)
Proto-Sangiric	apuR	lime
Proto-Minahasan	apuh	lime
CMP
Kayeli	ahule	lime, chalk
Buruese	apu	lime
Laha	aur	lime
Watubela	kaful	lime
Kei	enawun yafur	burn lime
	yafur wāt	small calabash, Lagenaria idolatrica, used as a lime container with the betel chew
	yafur avlād	chalk
	yafur	lime, calcium
Fordata	yafur	lime, calcium; very white, of the flesh of the sago palm
Yamdena	yafur	lime, calcium
Erai	aʔur	lime
Kisar	auru	lime, calcium
Selaru	aur	lime, calcium
Leti	āru	lime, calcium
Kédang	apur	lime
Lamaholot	apu	lime, calcium
Rembong	apoʔ	lime, calcium
Bimanese	afu mama kai	lime used in betel chew
	afu	chalk, lime
Komodo	apo	chalk
Sika	apur	lime, calcium
Ngadha	apo	poorer grade, grainy chalk or lime
Tetun	tunu ahu	cook or make lime
	huu ahu	(to blow lime) an animist practice for putting people to sleep, who do not wish to be clairvoyant (possibly hypnosis)
	ahu	lime, calcium
Hawu	ao	lime, calcium
Proto-Ambon	apur	lime, chalk
Wetan	airi	lime; to put lime on
SHWNG
Buli	yafi	lime, calcium
Numfor	afer	lime, calcium
Ron	afer	chalk, lime
Dusner	aper	lime
Kowiai/Koiwai	lofor	chalk, lime
OC
Kuruti	ah	lime
Drehet	ah	lime (for betel)
Likum	ah	lime
Nauna	kɨh	lime
Penchal	kɨp	lime
Lenkau	kop	lime
Lou	kɔp	lime, lime gourd
Manam	au	lime
Bali (Uneapa)	kavu	lime for betel chew
Lakalai	la-havu	lime for chewing with areca nut, made from clam shell
Mbula	kou	coral/lime
Gitua	avu	lime (calcium oxide)
Numbami	awila	lime (for betelnut)
Lau	safu	lime, used in magic; smear with lime
	safu-safu	native tobacco (first obtained from Savo Island)
Pokau	avu	lime
Kwaio	fou-lafu	white powdery stone
	lafu-lafu-a	white surface, glistening white
	laful-ia	sprinkle with lime in ritual
Nggela	avu	lime holder; slaked lime
'Āre'āre	suru sahu	put or blow the lime over the doorway, etc.
	sahu	a lime, used in magic, on which incantations are done and put over the doorway outside on the ridgepole or blown around in the house; used as a protection for the house, the inhabitants and the belongings, against evil spirits, and sickness
Sa'a	sähu	lime, lime gourd; magic lime put over doorway outside on the ridge-pole with an incantation, a charm to protect the house and its belongings; used in black magic
Motu	ahu	lime (quick or slack)
Arosi	ahu	branching coral
Bauro	ahu	lime
Tubetube	kaul-i	lime (for betelnut)
Southeast Ambrym	e-ah	lime (prepared from dead coral)
Wuvulu	afu	lime in lime gourd (cp. 'lime not in lime gourd')

PWMP maŋ-qapuR make lime by burning shells ⇫ ¶

WMP
Casiguran Dumagat	meŋ-apog	make lime out of shells
Palauan	məŋ-áus	sprinkle lime on
Sangir	maŋ-apuʔ	use lime in the betel chew; burn lime
Old Javanese	maŋ-hapū	make lime

PPh maR-qapuR prepare betel chew with lime ⇫ ¶

WMP
Isneg	max-ápug	prepare betel for chewing
Casiguran Dumagat	meg-apog	put lime in one's mouth (to add to the betel nut chew)
Cebuano	mag-ápug	make lime for betel chewing
Tontemboan	ma-apu	add lime to the betel chew

PWMP paŋ-qapuR-an lime container ⇫ ¶

WMP
Itawis	paŋ-apúx-ān	receptacle for lime
Tontemboan	peŋ-apu-an	lime case; also the name of the gourd formerly used to make lime cases
Sasak	peŋ-apo-n	lime pot in the betel kit

PWMP paR-qapuR-an lime container ⇫ ¶

WMP
Isneg	ag-apúx-an	receptacle for lime. It may be a small box made of wood or the horn of a carabao, a small glass bottle, a deer horn or the fruit of the tree, but it usually consists in the shell of a small bottle gourd
Ilokano	pag-apúg-an	kind of very small or earthenware jar used by chewers of betel nut for holding lime; any receptacle for lime
Tiruray	fag-aful-an	the lime container in a brass betel box
Javanese	p-apo-n	container for slaked lime

PWMP qapuR-an lime container ⇫ ¶

WMP
Ifugaw	pun-apúl-an	lime-tube
Hanunóo	ʔapug-án	general term for a lime container, whether of bamboo, shell, wood, a crab claw, or other material
Aklanon	apog-án	lime box, case used for storing lime powder
Old Javanese	apon	lime (constituent of betel quid)

Reconstructions

PAN	qapuR	lime, calcium
PWMP	maŋ-qapuR	make lime by burning shells
PPh	maR-qapuR	prepare betel chew with lime
PWMP	paŋ-qapuR-an	lime container
PWMP	paR-qapuR-an	lime container
PWMP	qapuR-an	lime container

Note

Also Tsou (Tsuchida) hapuru ‘lime’, Favorlang/Babuza abo ‘lime’, Paiwan qavu ‘betel lime’, Paiwan q-m-avu ‘apply whitewash’, Paiwan apu ‘betelnut quid’, Paiwan m-apu ‘chew betelnut’, Maranao apor ‘lime’, Puyuma (Tamalakaw) -apuR ‘chew betel nut with lime’, Samal apog ‘betel chew (literary)’, Simalur aul ‘lime, calcium’, Sundanese apu ‘prepared lime; wall mortar, betel lime’, Old Javanese apuh ‘lime’, Buruese ahul ‘lime’, Buruese apo ‘lime’, Seimat wap ‘lime’, Mbula kou ‘lime powder (made by heating up pieces of coral)’, ko-kou ‘be white’, Lau rafu ‘smear with lime or powdered rock, limestone or soapstone; lime the hair; white, from lying in ashes; white from immersion in the sea, encrusted with salt’, Lau fou rafu ‘limestone rock for whitening’, Kwaio safu ‘important divination using lime; magic, using lime, to protect from sorcery and foreign objects’.

PAn *qapuR and its descendant forms are one of the key elements in the linguistic evidence for the betel culture which accompanied Austronesian speakers as they spread from island Southeast Asia into the western Pacific. Betel-chewing spread as far as the Southeastern Solomons, but either never reached Vanuatu and points further south and east, or was replaced in those areas by the later, innovative consumption of kava (Piper methisticum), which evidently had its origin in Vanuatu (Crowley 1990).

Scattered references in a number of the sources clearly indicate that lime was made by the burning of mollusc shells or coral limestone, and in the earlier phases of Austronesian expansion was carried on the person in a small gourd container (later replaced in island Southeast Asia by the brass betel box). Lime may also have been used as a whitewash (oblique references in Amis and Kwaio), and by at least PCEMP times, if not earlier, lime powder evidently was blown as a ritual gesture of some type (references in Tetun and 'Āre'āre).

The comparisons of lime to sago flesh in two widely separated languages (Kenyah and Fordata) are interesting, but difficult to interpret without more context. Tiruray fag-aful-an (for anticipated **ferafuran, from *paR-qapuR-an) is assumed to be a loan from a still unidentified source, but problems remain even with this interpretation (*R > /g/ in the prefix, but *R > /l/ in the stem). It is possible that the reconstruction of *paR-qapuR-an, a form that appears to have been entirely synonymous with *paŋ-qapuR-an, is simply misguided. Finally, Chamorro Hu naʔye afok i maiʔes ‘I put lime on the corn’ and Wetan air-i ‘lime, put lime on’ appear to reflect two stages in the history of the suffix *-i ‘local transitive’, the first while it still remains a generic preposition marking location in space or time, and the second after it has become a transitive verb suffix with locative overtones.