Reconstructions

Note

Also Agta (Dupaningan) dapor-an ‘hearth, cooking area’, Kankanaey dapʔó ‘ashes’, Ifugaw dapʔúl ‘ashes’; is incorrectly pronounced dapúl in current speech’, Kapampangan dápug ‘bonfire; trash pile (e.g. leaves and other yard sweepings)’, Romblomanon dapu-dapu ‘dust’, Yakan dapul-an ‘clay stove (it consists of a clay vessel with openings on the sides for feeding the fire and for air; wood is used as fuel)’, Tausug dapul-an ‘a stove (both a fire table and a gas range, any cooking stove)’, Kelabit dapur ‘kitchen’ (< Malay), Ngaju Dayak dapur ‘an earth apparatus on which one cooks’ (< Malay), Javanese ḍapur, Sundanese dapur ‘kitchen’ (< Malay), Tontemboan ampor-an ‘fire hearth’, Asilulu dapur ‘kitchen’ (< Malay), Makatea refu ‘ashes’ (Polynesian loan?), Tongan efu dust; (of a person) dust, mortal remains’, efu-a ‘covered in dust, dusty’, Niue, Futunan efu ‘dust’, Samoan lefu-lefu, Tuvaluan lefu ‘ash’, Hawaiian lehu ‘ashes; ash-colored, as a chicken’.

PMP *dapuR apparently referred to the hearth, although reflexes of *dapuR-an in a number of the languages of the Philippines and western Indonesia suggest that *dapuR had a verbal meaning, and that the form with the locative suffix specified the place where this activity was performed. The close association of the cooking place in the house with accumulations of ash is reflected in a number of glosses, particularly where the sole semanic reflex is ‘ashes’, as in nearly all Oceanic languages. A similar cross-association between these meanings is seen in reflexes of PAn *qabu ‘ashes’ in some languages, as with Paiwan qavu-qavu-an ‘hearth’. A number of the languages of western Indonesia and the southern Philippines appear to have borrowed Malay dapur while at the same time retaining a native form of this word, as in Yakan, Tausug, or Ngaju Dayak. In such cases the distinction in references is not always clear.