ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Online

*dilaq₁ to lick

PAN dilaq₁ to lick ⇫ ¶

Form.
Saisiyat	riLæ	to lick
Thao	siraq	to kiss, lick
	mapa-siraq	kiss one another
Siraya	da-dila	tongue
Rukai	u-dila	to lick
Rukai (Mantauran)	u-dila	to lick
Paiwan	ma-djilaq	be licked
	djilaq	to lick
	ki-djilaq	to lick oneself (as a cat)
Favorlang/Babuza	tsa-tsira	tongue

PMP dilaq₁ tongue; tongue of tongue-and-groove joint in carpentry ⇫ ¶

WMP
Itbayaten	rila	tongue
Tsat	la⁵⁵	tongue
Isneg	díla	tongue
	díla aníto	a low sturdy plant with leaves cleft at the top; when placed next to the entrance of a house it denies access to any kind of evil (lit. ‘spirit’s tongue’)
Agta (Central Cagayan)	dilá	tongue
Malaweg	dila	tongue
Itawis	zíla	tongue
Agta (Dupaningan)	dilá	tongue
Bontok	díla	tongue
Ifugaw	dīla	the tongue of an animal, bird, chicken, person
	dilá-an	to lick
	mun-díl-díla	to continue putting out one’s tongue
	díla	tongue
Kankanaey	díla	tongue
	dila-én	to mock, to deride, to ridicule
Ibaloy	shila	tongue
Casiguran Dumagat	dilá	tongue; to keep talking, gossip, talk in a bad way
Pangasinan	dilá	tongue
Ilokano	díla	tongue; native language; arrowhead
Kapampangan	dílaʔ	tongue; fangs (?) of snake
Tagalog	man-dílaʔ	to stick out or poke out one’s tongue at someone
	diláʔ-an	to stick out or poke out one’s tongue at someone
	dílaʔ	tongue; the power of speech
	díla-ŋ ma-tigás	a tongue not easily adaptable to pronouncing certain sounds in speech (lit. ‘hard tongue, rigid tongue’)
Buhid	dila	tongue
Bantuqanon	rilaʔ	tongue
Cham	dalah	tongue
Hanunóo	dílaʔ	tongue
Masbatenyo	dila-dilaʔ-án	to tongue something, as a harmonica in order to blow single notes; teach by use of the tongue
	dílaʔ	tongue
	diláʔ-on	be licked up
Tboli	dilak	tongue
	dilak kukuʔ	an edible mushroom that grows on dry wood and looks like a cat’s tongue
Aklanon	dílaʔ	tongue
	paŋ-diláʔ-diláʔ	stick out one’s tongue (in a taunting manner)
	diláʔ-an	sharp-tongued (referring to a gossiper)
Waray-Waray	dílaʔ	tongue
Agutaynen	ma-boat taŋ dilak	talkative (derogatory; lit. ‘long tongue’)
	dilak	tongue
Hiligaynon	dílaʔ	tongue
Palawan Batak	dilaʔ	tongue
Cebuano	dílaʔ	tongue
Binukid	dílaʔ	tongue
	pan-dílaʔ	to lick up something
Maranao	dilaʔ	tongue
	dila-dilaʔ	tongue, as on lumber
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	dilaʔ	tongue; to lick; to lap
Mansaka	dílaʔ	tongue
Tiruray	dilaʔ	tongue; lick with the tongue
Tombonuwo	dilaʔ	tongue
Kadazan Dusun	monon-dihaʔ	to stick out the tongue
	dihaʔ	tongue
Ida'an Begak	dílaʔ	tongue
Tausug	habaʔ dilaʔ	talkative (lit. ‘long tongue’)
	dilaʔ	tongue
Murut (Paluan)	dilaʔ	tongue
Bisaya	diləʔ	tongue
Bisaya (Limbang)	diləʔ	tongue
Narum	jiliʔ	tongue
Acehnese	lidah ~ dilah	tongue
Kelabit	dilaʔ	tongue
Sangir	dila	tongue (also in carpentry)
Simalur	dila	tongue
Toba Batak	dila	tongue
	pa-dila-dilah-on	treat with contempt
	man-dila-dila	to gossip
	dila ni api	flame (lit. ‘tongue of fire’)
Karo Batak	dilah	tongue
Iban	dilah papan	tongue of tongue-and-groove board
	dilah	tongue
	butoh dilah	uvula (lit. ‘penis of the tongue’)
Malay	lidah keras	stiff-tongued for strange sounds
	lidah api	darting tongue of flame
	lidah badak	(lit. ‘rhinoceros tongue’) a climbing aroid: Pothus latifolius or Opuntia monacantha
	lidah anjiŋ	(lit. ‘dog’s tongue’) a plant: Veronia cinerea
	lidah	tongue; the power of speech
Seru	jila	tongue
Tonsea	didaʔ	tongue
Tontemboan	lilaʔ	tongue
Buol	dila	tongue
Mongondow	mo-dilaʔ	to lick, taste (also used metaphorically)
	dilaʔ	tongue
Mentawai	lila	tongue
Bare'e	jila	tongue and anything resembling it
	jila leti	clitoris (lit. ‘tongue of the vagina’)
	me-jila	to lick
Uma	jilaʔ	tongue
Tae'	lila	tongue
	lila kilaʔ	bolt of lightning
Rejang	dileaʔ	tongue
Makassarese	lila-pepeʔ	tongue of flame that darts upward
	lila macaŋ	kind of cactus (lit. ‘tiger tongue’)
	lila	tongue; tongue-shaped object (e.g. the needle of a scale for weighing)
	lila-lila	kind of fish
Balinese	dilah	flame, blaze
Sasak	dilaʔ	to light up, illuminate
Bikol	mag-dílaʔ	to lick
	dílaʔ	tongue

PAN d<um>ilaq to lick ⇫ ¶

Form.
Thao	s<m>iraq	to kiss, to lick (as a child licking candy)
Saaroa	s<um>a-silaə	to lick
Paiwan	dj<m>ilaq	to lick

PMP d<um>ilaq to lick ⇫ ¶

WMP
Kankanaey	d<um>íla	to tell a story, a fib, a hoax; to speak ill, to backbite
Tontemboan	l<um>ilaʔ	stick out the tongue
Balinese	d<um>ilah	to flame, flare up

PWMP anak nu dilaq uvula ⇫ ¶

WMP
Malay	anak lidah	uvula (lit. ‘child of tongue’)
Makassarese	anaʔ-lila	uvula (lit. ‘child of the tongue’)

Reconstructions

PAN	dilaq₁	to lick
PMP	dilaq₁	tongue; tongue of tongue-and-…
PAN	d<um>ilaq	to lick
PMP	d<um>ilaq	to lick
PWMP	anak nu dilaq	uvula

Note

Also Itawis híla, Gayō dèlah, Nias lela, Sasak dila ‘lamp, including the lamp of the shadow-puppeteer’, Sangir lila, Chamorro hulaʔ ‘tongue; sticking tongue out’, Bimanese lera ‘tongue’.

This cognate set shows a rather clear semantic innovation in PMP, since only the verb ‘to lick’ can be posited for PAn; note that Favorlang/Babuza and Siraya reflexes of this base meaning ‘tongue’ are formed by Ca- reduplication, a process that is known to occur with some other body-parts (Blust 1998:38). Just as Ca-_reduplications of *_dilaq can mean ‘tongue’ in Formosan languages, affixed forms of *dilaq can mean ‘to lick’ in Malayo-Polynesian languages, but this appears never to be the case for the bare stem.

Two other semantic developments are noteworthy. First, once this base had come to mean ‘tongue’ it was then incorporated into expressions meaning ‘to gossip’, ‘to be talkative’, and the like. Second, in several of the languages of western Indonesia reflexes of *dilaq came to refer to tongues of flame, perhaps beginning in Malay and then spreading through literary use. This notion then evolved further into much more opaque semantic relationships, as with Sasak dilaʔ ‘to light up, illuminate’. Finally, reflexes of PMP *dilaq evidently also figured in the names of certain plants, although the details of these collocations are not recoverable from currently available data. Part of the Formosan evidence for this cognate set was first proposed by Tsuchida (1976:154).