ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Online

*Sepat four

PAN Sepat four ⇫ ¶

Form.
Luilang	suva	four
Kavalan	ʔu-spat	four
Papora	na-pat	four
Seediq	spat	four
Seediq (Truku)	spat	four
Pazeh	sepat	four
Bunun	pat	four
Amis	spat	four
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)	pat	four (cardinal)
Puyuma	pat	four (cardinal)
Paiwan	sepatj	four
Proto-Rukai	sepate	four
Taokas	shupa	four
Proto-Atayalic	ma-sepat	eight
WMP
Merap	paːʔ	four

PMP epat four ⇫ ¶

WMP
Isneg	appát	four
Itawis	appát	four
Bontok	ʔəpát	four
Ifugaw	opát	four
Casiguran Dumagat	epát	four
Buhid	ufát	four
Hanunóo	ʔúpat	four, a cardinal number
Tboli	fat	four
Kalamian Tagbanwa	epat	four
Palawan Batak	ʔepat	four
Cebuano	upát	four
Binukid	ha-epat	four
Molbog	opat	four
Maranao	pat	four
Kalagan	upat	four
Mansaka	opat	four
Tiruray	ʔefot	four
Minokok	apat	four
Murut (Paluan)	apat	four
Penan (Long Lamai)	pat	four
Penan	pat	four
Murut (Tagol)	apat	four
Talaud	appata	four
Bintulu	pat	four
Kenyah	pat	four
Kelabit	epat	four
Sangir	epaʔ	four
Lahanan	pat	four
Kayan (Uma Juman)	pat	four
Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh)	pat	four
Melanau (Mukah)	pat	four
Melanau Dalat	pat	four
Simalur	at	four (in combination)
Toba Batak	opat	four
Bekatan	apat	four
Karo Batak	empat	four
Iban	empat	four
Malay	empat	four
Salako	ampat	four
Maloh	ampat	four
Bukat	apat	four
Tontemboan	epat	four
Tonsawang	əpac	four
Buol	opat	four
Nias	õfa	four
Lolak	opat	four
Mongondow	opat	four
Gorontalo	opato	four (in serial counting)
Kayan	pat	four
Siang	opat	four
Petapa Taje	apati	four
Bare'e	opo	four
Uma	opoʔ	four
Mandar	appeʔ	four
Wolio	apa	four
Muna	paa	four
Makassarese	appaʔ	four
Lampung	paʔ	four
Madurese	empaʔ	four
Old Javanese	pat	four
Javanese	pat	four
Balinese	empat	four
Sasak	empat	four
Bikol	apát	four
Proto-Sangiric	epat	four
Malagasy	éfatra	four
CMP
Sekar	fat	four
Bonfia	fāt	four
Buruese	pa	four
Saparua	haa	four
Laha	ata	four
Amblau	faa	four
Gah	faat	four
Tugun	aat	four
Yamdena	fat	four
Erai	ak	four
Talur	in-haʔat	four
Selaru	at	four
Leti	wo-ata	four
Adonara	pat	four
Solorese	pat	four
Lamaholot	pat	four
Rembong	pat	four
Manggarai	pat	four
Bimanese	upa	four
Donggo	upa	four
Tetun (Dili)	hát	four
Komodo	paʔ	four
Idate	aat	four
Tetun	hát	four
Vaikenu	ha	four
Anakalangu	patu	four
Lamboya	pata	four
Kambera	patu	four
Hawu	epa	four
Rotinese	ha	four
Proto-Ambon	pat	four

PEMP pat four ⇫ ¶

SHWNG
Buli	fat	four
Taba	p-hot	four
Minyaifuin	pi-fat	four
As	fa	four
Numfor	fiak	four
Misool (Coast)	fut	four
Marau₁	ati	four
Papuma	bo-a	four
Kurudu	bo-at	four
Biga	fat	four
Waropen	ako	four
Ron	fak	four
Arguni	fat	four
Kowiai/Koiwai	fat	four
OC
Hawaiian	hā	four, fourth (commonly preceded by the numeral-marking prefixes, as , four children)
Ulithian	faay	four
Woleaian	faa-	four
Pohnpeian	pah-	four
Kosraean	ah-ŋ	four
Kapingamarangi	haa	four
Gilbertese	a	four
Mussau	ata	four
Ponam	fa:-f	four
Ahus	ha-hu	four
Mendak	wI:t	four
Haku	to-hats	four
Papapana	tau-vasi	four
Uruava	vasi	four
Ririo	véc	four
Numbami	wat	four
Dobuan	ata	four
Anuta	pa	four
Rennellese	haa	four
Samoan	fā	four
Amblong	mo-vat	four
Apma	ka-vet	four
Rano	a-vets	four
Avava	i-vat	four
Southeast Ambrym	hat	four
Pwele	pati	four
Fijian	vā	four
Sie	ndə-vat	four
Tongan	fā	four
Rarotongan	ā	four
Maori	whā	four; elliptically, the fourth month
Wuvulu	fa	four
Toak	hat	four

PWMP iŋg-epat four times ⇫ ¶

WMP
Kadazan Dusun	iŋg-apat	four times
Mongondow	iŋg-opat	the fourth
Malagasy	in-èfatra	four times

PPh ika-epat fourth ⇫ ¶

WMP
Itbayaten	ichápat	fourth
Ifugaw	m-ika-pʔát	fourth
Casiguran Dumagat	ika-epat	fourth
Tagalog	ika-ápat	fourth
Hiligaynon	ika-ápat	fourth
Cebuano	ika-upát	fourth

PMP ka-epat fourth ⇫ ¶

WMP
Bontok	ka-pʔát	divide into four, to quarter
Pangasinan	k-ápat	that which makes four, fourth
Cebuano	ka-upát	four times
Kadazan Dusun	ka-ʔapat	fourth
Sangir	ka-epa-e	fourth
Iban	ka-empat	fourth
Malay	ke-empat	fourth
	ke-empat-empat	all four
Mongondow	ko-opat	four times; the fourth
Enggano	ʔa-opa	four
Lampung	ka-paʔ	all four
Sundanese	ka-opat	fourth
Old Javanese	ka-pat	four altogether; as fourth; the fourth month
Madurese	ka-empaʔ	be four, number four
Javanese	ka-pat	fourth in a series
Sasak	ke-empat	fourth
OC
Fijian	ka-vā	the fourth

PWMP ka-epat-an fourth ⇫ ¶

WMP
Itbayaten	k-ápat-an	fourth month, January (old calendar)
Hiligaynon	ka-ápat-an	forty
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	k-epat-an	forty
Malay	ke-empat-an	the fourth
Bikol	ka-apát-an	fourths

PAN ma-Sepat (gloss uncertain) ⇫ ¶

Form.
Seediq (Truku)	ma-spat	eight
Seediq	ma-spat	eight
Paiwan	ma-sepatj	four (persons)

PMP ma-epat divided into four (?) ⇫ ¶

WMP
Tontemboan	me-epat	divide into four; make a square
Gorontalo	ma-opato	already four in quantity
Buginese	ma-eppaʔ	the fourth
Madurese	ma-empaʔ	divide into four
CMP
Kambera	ma-patu	four (stative; cf. 'the four men')

PAN maka-Sepat four times ⇫ ¶

Form.
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)	maka-pt-el	forty
Puyuma	maka-pt-el	forty
Paiwan	maka-sim-atj-elʸ	four times

PWMP maka-epat four times ⇫ ¶

WMP
Cebuano	maka-upát	four times
Makassarese	maka-appaʔ	fourth
	maka-appaʔ-na	the fourth
Balinese	maka-pat-pat	all four, four each
Bikol	maka-apát	to have four

PWMP maR-epat become four, divide into four (intr.) ⇫ ¶

WMP
Kapampangan	mag-ápat-a bánwa	spend four years
Toba Batak	mar-opat-opat	four at a time, four each
Karo Batak	raja mer-empat	the four chief princes of the Karo
Malay	ber-empat	in a quartet (i.e. with three others)
Old Javanese	mar-pat	separate into four parts
Sasak	ber-empat	the four of them
Bikol	mag-apát	become four
Malagasy	mi-èfatra	divide into four parts, be in four

PMP paka-epat four times ⇫ ¶

WMP
Chamorro	faha-fad	four times
Toba Batak	si-paha-opat	the fourth month
Malagasy	fah-èfatra	the fourth; four fathoms

POC paka-pat four times ⇫ ¶

OC
Arosi	haʔa-hai	four times
Rennellese	haka-haa	do four times; second and sixteenth nights of the month
Fijian	vaka-vā	four times

PWMP paR-epat one fourth ⇫ ¶

WMP
Toba Batak	sa-par-opat	a fourth
	di-par-opat	divided into four parts
Karo Batak	raja per-empat	the four chief princes of the Karo
Malay	sa-per-empat	a fourth
Wolio	par-apa	fourth part, quarter
Makassarese	parapaʔ	one fourth
Old Javanese	parpat	formation, arrangement

PWMP paR-epat-an None ⇫ ¶

WMP
Malay	per-empat-an	one quarter of something divided; cross-roads
Tontemboan	pa-epat-an	rectangle, square; rectangular measure
Old Javanese	par-pat-an	a fourth part, quarter
Madurese	par-apad-an	one quarter of something divided; cross-roads
Sasak	per-empat-an	crossroads

PAN paR-Sepat-en do four times ⇫ ¶

Form.
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)	paR-pat-en	do four times
Puyuma	paR-pat-en	do four times

PMP paR-epat-en divide into four ⇫ ¶

WMP
Bikol	pag-apát-on	divide into four; send four at a time

PAN Sa-Sepat four (of humans) ⇫ ¶

Form.
Kanakanabu	sa-supate	four (humans)
Amis	sa-spat	four (animals and humans)
Puyuma	a-apat	four (humans)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)	a-apat	four (humans)

PMP a-epat four (of humans) ⇫ ¶

WMP
Itbayaten	haʔ-pat	four (animals and humans)
	aʔ-pat	four (serial counting and reference to inanimates)
Pangasinan	a-pát	four
Kapampangan	á-pat	four
Tagalog	á-pat	four
Aklanon	á-pʔat	four
Hiligaynon	ápat	four
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	heʔe-pat	four
Dampelas	h-apat	four
Bare'e	a-opo	four (independent numeral)

PWMP taR-epat four each ⇫ ¶

WMP
Cebuano	tag-upát	four apiece; odds of four to three in betting
Buginese	tar-eppaʔ	every four, all four

PWMP epat-an group of four (?) ⇫ ¶

WMP
Tagalog	ápat-án	four by four
Sundanese	opat-an	the four, set of four
Balinese	empat-an	fourth, quarter

PWMP epat-en be divided into four ⇫ ¶

WMP
Bontok	ʔəpat-ən	be divided into four
Malagasy	efàr-ina	be divided into four

PMP epat epat four at a time ⇫ ¶

WMP
Tagalog	ápat-ápat	four at a time
Mongondow	opat-opat	four by four, four at a time; all four
Makassarese	appaʔ appaʔ	four at a time
Old Javanese	pat-pat	four?; or in groups of four?
Javanese	pat-pat	by fours
Balinese	pat-pat	four
Sasak	empat-empat-na	all four
Bikol	apát-ápat	only four
	apát-apát	send four at a time
CMP
Yamdena	fate-fate	four by four, four at a time
Selaru	r-at r-at	four by four, four at a time
Kambera	pa-patu	by fours, in groups of four

POC pati pati four at a time ⇫ ¶

OC
Manam	wati-wati	four each, four at a time
Cheke Holo	fa-fati	fourth
Nggela	vati-vati	four each
Fijian	vā-vā	all four

PAN pat-a four (in counting certain referents) ⇫ ¶

Form.
Puyuma	pa-pat-a	four (animals and objects)
Puyuma (Tamalakaw)	pa-pat-a	four (animals and objects)
WMP
Chamorro	fat-a	four days
CMP
Batu Merah	at-a	four
Seit	ata	four
Watubela	fat-a	four
Morella	hat-a	four

PWMP pat-aŋ four (combination form) ⇫ ¶

WMP
Bare'e	pat-a	four (in 40, 400, 4,000, counting units of time)
Tae'	pat-aŋ	four (in 40, 4,000 (NOT in 400), counting units of time)
Mandar	pat-a-allo	four days
	pat-ap-pulo	forty
Wolio	pat-a	four (junction form of in 40, etc.)
Muna	fat-o	four (before classifiers, measure nouns, units of time)
Makassarese	pat-aN	four (in 40, 400, 4,000)
Old Javanese	pat-aŋ	four
Javanese	pat-aŋ	four (combination form in 40, 400, 4,000)
Balinese	pat-aŋ	four (in 40, and in counting units of time or distance)
Sasak	pet-aŋ	four (in 40, 4,000)

PCEMP pat-i four ⇫ ¶

CMP
Wahai	ati	four
Teluti	fai	four
SHWNG
Gimán	p-fot	four
Munggui	bo-ati	four
Dusner	ati	four
OC
Marau₂	hai	four
Manam	wati	four
Piva	e-vati	four
Torau	e-wati	four
Banoni	to-atsi	four
Yabem	àc-lê	four
Mono-Alu	e hati	four
Lau	fai	four
Kilivila	-vasi	four
Nggela	vati	four
'Āre'āre	hai	four
Ubir	bat	four
Sa'a	hai	four
Magori	vati	four
Arosi	hai	four
Saliba	hasi	four
Suau	hasi	four
Nokuku	vati	four
Sakao	yeð	four
Malmariv	vati	four
Lametin	vat	four
Mafea	v"ati	four
Raga	fasi	four
Leviamp	i-va̋	four
Lingarak	i-vas	four
Axamb	a-vac	four
Maxbaxo	ŋo-vač	four
Nakanamanga	pati	four
Haununu	hai	four

Reconstructions

PAN	Sepat	four
PMP	epat	four
PEMP	pat	four
PWMP	iŋg-epat	four times
PPh	ika-epat	fourth
PMP	ka-epat	fourth
PWMP	ka-epat-an	fourth
PAN	ma-Sepat	(gloss uncertain)
PMP	ma-epat	divided into four (?)
PAN	maka-Sepat	four times
PWMP	maka-epat	four times
PWMP	maR-epat	become four, divide into four…
PMP	paka-epat	four times
POC	paka-pat	four times
PWMP	paR-epat	one fourth
PWMP	paR-epat-an	None
PAN	paR-Sepat-en	do four times
PMP	paR-epat-en	divide into four
PAN	Sa-Sepat	four (of humans)
PMP	a-epat	four (of humans)
PWMP	taR-epat	four each
PWMP	epat-an	group of four (?)
PWMP	epat-en	be divided into four
PMP	epat epat	four at a time
POC	pati pati	four at a time
PAN	pat-a	four (in counting certain…
PWMP	pat-aŋ	four (combination form)
PCEMP	pat-i	four

Note

Also Taroko kn-spat-an ‘in four days’, Karo Batak p-empat-en ‘the fourth day’, Kambera ka-patu-ŋu ‘by fours, four at a time’. Itbayaten kak-ápat ‘a fourth part, one-fourth’, Pangasinan kak-ápat ‘one-fourth, quarter’ appears to be a valid comparison, but without wider attestation I hesitate to assign it to PPh.

Perhaps the most noteworthy feature of *Sepat and its reflexes is the exceptionally large number of morphologically complex forms which can be reconstructed. Some of these contain productive affixes which also occur with other numerals. Others, as *pat-a, *pat-aŋ, and *pat-i, contain presumptive suffixes which do not occur elsewhere, and are of dubious morphological status.

In addition to those forms which have been reconstructed, the following morphologically similar reflexes of *Sepat are assumed to be products of convergent development: