ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary Online

*daya upriver, toward the interior

PAN daya upriver, toward the interior ⇫ ¶

Form.
Kavalan	zaya	west; toward the mountains
	qa-zaya-n	western side
Saisiyat	rayaʔ	inland
Seediq	daya	above, upland, upriver
Thao	saya	uphill, upstream, in an uphill direction
	mana-saya	go upstream, go uphill; climb a hill or mountain
	i-tana-saya	located uphill from the speaker
Pazeh	mia-daya	towards the east; go east
	daya	East
Bunun	mun daða	go upward
	daða	above
Rukai	ðaɭa	above
Rukai (Mantauran)	ðaɭa	above
Paiwan	i-zaya	to be higher up (as on a mountain)
	zaya	upland; upriver
	lʸia-zaya	(go) high upland
Bunun (Takituduh)	daða	above
	mun daða	go upward
WMP
Yami	i-rala	Orchid Island, the name the Tao have given their own island
	rala	next to the mountain, on the inside, in the north
Itbayaten	ha-raya	idea of dragging a boat toward shore (e.g. from fishing)
	i-raya	land (in contrast with the sea)
	maka-raya	to approach the land by sea
Isneg	i-man-dáya	people who live upstream
	man-dáya	upstream
Bontok	dáya	sky, heaven
Ifugaw	dáya	cosmic Upstream Region, extending beyond the Sky Cupola; it is conceived as surrounding half of the earth; the cosmic Upstream Region is inhabited by the gods and spirits of the Dáya, who dwell in a number of villages situated above the lower part of the Sky Cupola; the stem is also applied to any site of the Earth proper that lies nearer the cosmic Dáya (i.e. more upstream) than the habitat of the person who speaks
	Dāya	The Heavens (includes the earth’s atmosphere, touched by mountain peaks, where birds fly; it is the location of clouds, and the source of meteorological events, as rain, hail, thunder and lightning, storms and the like. The territory also includes outer space and involves spirits relating to, and named after various celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, numerous named stars, sunlight and so forth)
Kankanaey	dáya	heavens; firmament; sky
Ifugaw (Batad)	Dāya	The Heavens (includes the earth’s atmosphere, touched by mountain peaks, where birds fly; it is the location of clouds, and the source of meteorological events, as rain, hail, thunder and lightning, storms and the like. The territory also includes outer space and involves spirits relating to, and named after various celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, numerous named stars, sunlight and so forth)
Ilokano	ipa-dáya	to point to the east
	dáya	East
	makin-dáya	on the east side
Tagalog	i-láya	interior part of a territory; upper part of a town; the northern part of a place
Chamorro	haya	south (in Guam and Rota); east (in Saipan)
Masbatenyo	i-rayá	upstream, hinerland, inlands, back country
Aklanon	i-layá	inland (section of town)
	eayá	dry land
	pa-i-layá	to go inland
Waray-Waray	i-rayá	farm; a tract of land devoted to agriculture; the upper or interior part of a town
Hiligaynon	i-layá	hinterland, remote area
Moken	daya	upstream
Cebuano	pa-i-láya	to go inland
	i-láya	area away from the coast or town
	i-laya-nhun	hillbilly, one from the remote interior regions
Maranao	raya	upriver
Lun Dayeh	Lun Dayeh	interior people, people from upriver
	dayeh	upriver, the source of a river on a mountain
Bintulu	raza	toward the interior, away from the sea
Kenyah (Long Anap)	kaʔ daya	upriver
Kenyah	kaʔ daya	upriver
Kelabit	me-dayeh	go upriver, go toward the interior
	dayeh	upriver, toward the interior
Sangir	dala e	inland, toward the interior
	in-dala	people from the interior
	dala	there behind, on the back side
Malay	barat daya	southwest
Singhi Land Dayak	doyux	interior, inland
Bikol	i-ráya	upstream, inland
	mag-i-ráya	to go upstream; to carry upstream
CMP
Boano₂	la	landward
Manipa	la	inland, toward the interior
Tifu	dai	inland, toward the interior
Asilulu	la	landward side, landward direction
Larike	lae	landward
Fordata	n-daa	go inland
	daa	inland
Yamdena	daye	inland, west
Selaru	ra	land, as against sea; land side

POC raya upriver, toward the interior ⇫ ¶

OC
Mussau	lae	hinterland, interior

PWMP di-daya above, in the interior ⇫ ¶

WMP
Agta (Central Cagayan)	di-diya	upstream (cp. ‘downstream’)
Agta (Dupaningan)	di-diya	upstream (cp. ‘downstream’)
Casiguran Dumagat	dí-dya	upriver
Binukid	di-raya	upriver, upstream direction
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	di-zaya	in an upstream direction
Mandar	di-aya	above, from the interior

Reconstructions

PAN	daya	upriver, toward the interior
POC	raya	upriver, toward the interior
PWMP	di-daya	above, in the interior

Note

Forms of this base with a fossilized or near-fosslized locative marker *i or *di appear in a number of Philippine languages and in South Sulawesi languages, suggesting that in many languages the notion of ‘upriver, toward the interior’ was conceived more as a location than a direction (cf. Mills 1975:678, where he notes fossilized *di in several languages not cited here). Along with PAn *lahud ‘downriver, toward the sea’ this is one of the fundamental directional terms of PAn, marking a distinction that was preserved in many languages even after the original form which represented this meaning was lost, as with Hawaiian mauka ‘toward the interior’ (cp. makai ‘toward the sea’). For reasons that are unclear, reflexes of *daya appear to be preserved much more faithfully in Taiwan, the Philippines and western Indonesia than in areas further to the east.